It may seem strange that the perfect middle/passive indicative and the future middle indicative are matched up in the same module. This pairing is sensible, though, because both of them are built upon the primary middle suffixes.

However, any comparison between the two must stop there. Notice that the pf mid/pass ind suffixes function in a dual role in that they are used in perfect middle indicative and perfect passive indicative verbs. Not so with the future middle indicative forms. The fut mid ind characterizes future middle indicative verbs only. The future passive indicative is characterized by a different (albeit related) set of suffixes. And it goes without saying that the perfect and future tenses do not function in the same way. Finally, the future middle indicative still falls under the second principal part, whereas the perfect middle/passive indicative constitutes the fifth principal part.

The reason that these two types of verbs are studied together, then, is because they have a morophological similarity, and this makes them easy to learn all at once.

Translating perfect middle and perfect passive indicative verbs is easy. All you need to do is remember what you have learned about the perfect tense, and then apply what you have also already learned about middle and passive voice.

The perfect passive indicative may be translated by taking the way in which you would translate the perfect active indicative and simply adding the Engish past participle of the verb "to be," been.

pf act ind:    e;gnwka( I have known
pf pass ind:  e;gnwsmai( I have been known

Sometimes the perfect tense in a given co-text seems to highlight the ongoing results or a continuing state resulting from a past completed action. In such instances it may be translated with the present tense in English. A common example presents itself in the verb ge,graptai, which may be translated "it has been written." But usually you will see this verb translated "it is written." Why? Because the emphasis is not on the fact that at some time in the past something "has been written," but that something has been written and still "stands written." The same goes for Paul's declaration that Christ "has been raised" (e.g., 1 Cor 15:13). The thought is not only that Christ "has been raised" in the past, but that even now he "is raised."

r`abbi,( kalo,n evstin h`ma/j w-de ei=nai

The perfect middle indicative needs to be translated in accordance with the type of middle that is being used within the co-text (reflexive, intensive, reciprocal).

The perfect middle/passive indicative is made up of at least three morph slots: (1) the reduplication morph; (2) the lexal morph; and (3) the suffix, which will be identical to one of the primary middle suffixes.

The primary middle suffixes are attached directly to the lexal without the use of any connecting vowel.

Observe the morph slots that constitute the following perfect middle/passive indicative forms of  lu,w:

The perfect middle/passive indicative endings are identical to the primary middle suffixes you already learned in the last module!